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Poetry

The Work Day

There was a tint of darkness in her heart, at least, 

it was something. I’ve always admired

the way she tried to hide. From the shadow of a pismire,

there was a tint of darkness. In her heart-

until the day they finally admired

her. And, I finally felt her smile when it transpired.

There is a tint of darkness in her heart;

it is something I've always admired.

Our Love, the Sick Rose

Blush colors it

 Its tips dipped in a deep scarlet

Among the others, it sits encased

Vines coil around it, choking

To reach for it, would prick and sting

Droplets of blood staining the petals.

It is almost perfect

But, beyond the surface it rots

Corroding away from within

To reach for it, would save nothing

High School Romance

Short Poem

“I love you,” he said, his heart bare on his sleeve.

My stomach churned as his words instilled a deep fear inside my gut, 

And I responded, 

“But, it’s only been a week.”

A note to the Author

Long Poem

On that last day, my chest felt tight, and pain bloomed out from the inside.

My lungs screamed at me to breathe, but I knew if I did I would cry. 

I hadn’t seen you for some time, but this was different—permanent.

 

It didn’t hit me right away; I knew it wouldn’t, but when I saw my aunt,

Hugged her, felt her hand search mine for strength, I broke.

Most of my time was spent hiding in the bathroom.

 

I learned that you were a writer that day. They said you wrote great things about your beliefs. 

I think in a way, a few thought I would follow after you. 

 

We used to visit you all the time as kids.

I can still remember picking out the black jelly beans from the batches you gave us.

But, we visited less as we got older.

The last time we spoke was after my graduation. You gave me a coin-

That was when I learned you were a collector. An investment for my future you said.

That was when I learned collectors don’t collect for themselves. 

My mom had said something similar about my dad.

“We don’t have much we can give you. 

He wants to make sure you guys get something when we’re gone.”

I suppose when you live your life without riches, you want to make someone rich.

I’m not sure if that’s what you thought. 

 

I went through your writing, hoping to learn more about you.

I only wish I could have known this version I never met.

Nosedive

Short Story

A loud thud broke the silence of the house as thick soles landed on the wooden floor. Calian’s breathing was ragged as he slipped through the window sill. The for sale sign had mocked him as he passed it, so he knocked it to the ground in return.

His hand rested lightly against the open window as he waited for his eyes to adjust to the sea of darkness before him. He felt, for a moment, that he stood on the ocean floor, the pale light from the moon unable to crack through the dark. However, he could still see the large sphere above him. 

He took a glance at his watch: 2:30. His body resembled a balloon as the stress left it. Calian reached out to prop up the window with a nearby stick before he finally loosened his grip on the sill. The dark turned the house into a different entity altogether. The warmth it had once held during the victory dinner of their third peewee baseball victory was gone. Of course, they had never won another game after that one, and the victory dinners had stopped. 

Calian tore his eyes from the dining table in front of him. If he let himself get caught in the past here, he might never leave. His eyes adjusted slowly to the stagnant, dark of the house. A large bowl of fruit sat in the middle of the table. For a moment, faces seemed to flicker over the apples in the bowl.

No, he was letting his thoughts run away, again. Across from the dining table was the family room. He stuck to the wall on his left, not allowing himself to think about how they’d sneak into the room on the other side and giggle to themselves as her parents looked for them. As he passed to the stairs ahead, he noted that the ornate door to the office had stayed the same.

The upstairs was nothing more than a glorified hallway. His hand trailed over the railing as he scaled the height. The bathroom was lonesome on his left, with four rooms on his right. Though, the first on the left had always been filled with old awards and boxes they had never gotten around to unpacking. Calian let in a deep breath before continuing on. The last room on the left was hers.

Once inside, he let the heavy bag on his back slip to the floor and sat on the neat bed. His fingers moved over the bedding, finding the only imperfection in the entire room. A string frayed on the edge of the bed sheet. His fingers pulled and wound around the string as a tightness grew in his chest. He looked at nothing particular in the room.

“Do you remember when we had that project in history class?” A smile grew on his face as he spoke. We were so focused on bringing in food, we forgot to do your half of the project. Mrs. Tanner still gave us a B, though. She really liked the food. Guess it all worked out in the end.” 

The smile fell and he let go of the string.

“Oh! I brought you something.” 

Calian looked through his bag before bringing out a small jewelry box.

“You gave this to me after Becky Johnson shot down my promposal.” A sigh. “But, you already knew that.” 

He opened the box and set the simple, black ring on the edge of the bed. Still nothing. A tone rang out, interrupting the silence, and he pulled his phone out to a call screen. He let the ringing go on until the phone flicked to show the time: 2:58. Messages followed the call; Calian, please pick up. We need to know you’re okay. Instead, Calian turned his phone to vibrate and placed it back in his pocket. 

He reached for the ring and placed it back in the box before setting it down on the bed again. Still nothing. He left for the door. Outside the room, the hallway was much darker than it had just been. A distant thumping began from further down and Calian looked back at the ring. The tightness in his chest dissipated for a moment, and he rushed to his bag. With a small flashlight now in hand, he ventured out into the hallway to find the source of the growing pounding. 

The guest bedroom. Before him stood a wonted, brown door. The loud bangs echoed through the house. His hand lifted to turn the door's knob before he walked inside. Without the wooden barrier, he could feel the vibrations from the pounding. Calian wasn't sure what he had been expecting, all he saw now was a shadow of what the room had been. His mind did its best to wander, reminding him of sleep overs where they would stay up too late. The artwork that had once hung over the desk was gone, replaced by a painting of a stoic farm. 

A dresser sat in place of the desk, with a bed and the closet opposite. Calian walked in further, the light trailed across the room as he searched for the source. The light shook and then paused. Beside the vacant bed sat a small child. It was hunched over, and shadows clung to its skin, highlighting its malnourished frame. A small arm moved in beat with the pounding. Slowly, slowly, rapidly, then slowly once more. 

Calian’s hand shot to cover the light, but the thumping had already stopped. The outline of the child turned to face him. In the dimmed light, their eyes looked like dark pits. The hand holding the flashlight felt hot, as the child looked at him. His heart skipped as they looked at one another. The child was completely silent, even as they stood from beside the bed. Calian hadn't heard of any children dying here. What was going on?

"I'm so sorry. I didn't know you were here. I was looking for a girl, would you know where she was?" 

His words fell over one another as they rushed to leave his mouth. The child was silent still, but Calian saw their arm move. He removed a finger from the flashlight allowing some of the light on to their pale face. Calian was sure it was a little boy. He had short, matted hair that stuck up. His skin hung tightly to his bones, and his clothes seemed oversized as they hung loosely over his tiny frame. The boy's face was motionless, with eyes that Calian could feel himself falling down. 

The boy's arm moved again. He held up a single finger to his body and moved it in a tight, circular motion. 

Alone

"What?" 

Calian's foot stuttered back to the door. The boy’s arm moved in the same rhythm as before. The circle went slowly, slowly, rapidly, and then slowly again. He stepped forward.  

Alone. Alone. Alone, alone, alone. Alone. 

Calian heard more than felt the thump as his back hit the door. He couldn't remember closing it behind him. The boy’s hand raised, and he pointed to Calian. He kept the flashlight on the boy, but his other hand moved to grab at the door. Instantly, he regretted moving his hand from the light. The light revealed tears on the boy’s face. The tears were just as black as the dark wells they came from.

His hand was frantic now as he searched for the handle. There. His hand gripped it. He just needed to turn the handle. The boy reached out, and his hand wrapped around Calian’s wrist. His grip was unwavering and his hand icy cold. Pain shot through Calian at the stark cold, and the flashlight dropped from his hand. It clattered to the floor as he looked into the boy’s eyes. He felt the cold fracture out from where their skin met. His thoughts weren’t his own as unwanted memories were pulled to the forefront. 

“Addie…” 

Calian’s voice came out hoarse. She was reflected in the boy’s dark pools. The day after his grandma had died. She said nothing, but sat down beside him on his bed. Calian looked over to her, shaking as he held tears back. Addie opened her arms towards him, and he fell into her letting the tears overtake him. 

The memory faded, and Calian sat on the same bed. He was alone now. The only light in the room came from behind his curtains. Silence hung heavy in the air as he stared through the floor. He was alone.

“No!” 

His voice sounded more like a whimper. The ice clawed to his shoulder, and he yanked back with a grunt. The boy held on. His vision was blocked by the scene, but Calian began to whip his body back and forth in an almost animalistic desperation. Sadness welled up within him and stung at his eyes before it turned to an anger that threatened to swallow him whole.

“I’m not, I’m not, I’m not!” 

His shoe connected with the side of the boy, finally ripping him from Calian’s wrist. The memory tore away from him. The child looked at him. He was still for a moment save for the liquid that poured down his face taking the memory with it. His gaunt face hung down before he returned to his spot beside the bed. And the thumping resumed. The beat inside Calian’s chest refused to slow as he grabbed the flashlight and held the door shut behind him. 

The door’s knob jingled and Calian found that his hand was shaking. He pulled the hand to his chest and silently swore at his own naivety. Warm steel hit against his chest, and Calian ignored as his hands sweat. It was naive to assume she would be the only one here. Still, Calian had researched for days before returning to the house. There shouldn’t be anyone else here. 

It would be easy to leave. He only needed to grab his backpack, and even then it only had things in it for the night. If he were to go, he could leave it all behind and move on. What would that mean for her? What would that say? Whatever else lurked in the house, he couldn’t leave knowing he had the chance to find her. Calian compromised with himself. He would search downstairs and then visit her room again, then he could leave.

Silent creaks emitted from the floor as he descended the stairs. With his flashlight now off, he kept close to the railing as he waded through the dark. His body shivered. The ground level of the house felt even colder than the upstairs just had. Sluggish steps carried him forward, and he imagined how it would feel to wrap himself up in a blanket and sleep. 

His arms held himself as he moved over the floor. The faint moonlight from the window had trouble reaching under the house’s waves. It broke through, but in the same way that the light did as you traveled deeper into the ocean. The hairs on his arm stood on alert as he moved closer to the office. A sense of relief washed over him as he reached the door. Before he was able to turn the knob on the door, he heard the sound of water running across the open room. He felt his chest seize. If he could have seen them, he was sure his knuckles would have been white as they gripped the flashlight. 

Calian swore at himself for hesitating. It could be her. Even still, he hadn’t overcome his last encounter. His chest contradicted itself; it felt tight, but his heart pounded. 

The water dripped fervently now, pulling his attention back to the kitchen. He could remember flooding the kitchen’s sink with her when they attempted to race boats out of the front door. There was a chance that she was calling out to him now. That had to be enough. 

His thoughts felt jumbled together as he walked the short distance to the kitchen. They resonated loudly inside his mind, and he thought that they must have come from outside of his own mind. 

Calian nearly tripped over his feet as he entered the kitchen. In front of the sink, stood a woman. He could see her hair coil around her. The small window above the sink did little to highlight her, but he could see the curls frame her face, and the soft blue light mirror off of her dark skin. For a long moment, his heart started to beat again as a rush of familiarity wound around him.

“Addie…” 

The water spilled onto the tiles below, but Addie didn’t flinch. She stood still. Calian crossed the distance between them, stopping as the water soaked into his shoes. He flicked his flashlight back on, and found the water pouring past him towards the carpeted family room. The light traveled up the stream and he felt a flicker of confusion as he saw the bottom of a long robe, the water soaking up the length. 

With a large motion, Addie turned from the window and crossed the distance between them engulfing him in a hug. Calian closed his eyes and let himself relax into her, his mind flicking through similar hugs. Her chest felt gaunt. The bones pressed against his face uncomfortably as he tried to rest his head as he always had. 

It wasn’t right. Nothing about this was right. Even the water had run past him to the family room, but they had run it straight towards the dining area. His hand gripped the flashlight and he moved to shine it towards Addie, but was caught. Her hand grasped onto his and he felt his body give way as she pushed her weight into him. Calian let out a breath as his body hit against the stove. Pain flared out from his lower back, and Add- no, not Addie. The woman took advantage of his shock. He felt something like a light kiss brush over his neck before it exploded into an intense pain. It was fast, disappearing as quickly as it had happened. He kicked out at the woman, but his legs refused to connect with her at this angle. Calian could feel himself fading quickly, although he wasn’t sure where. The woman let out a moan, and her fingers dug into his arms. 

The boy had felt cold-like being forgotten in the ocean, looking out with no land in sight. However, the woman felt scolding hot as his mind faded. He heard laughter in the distance joined by voices as if they were being watched by an audience. 

His eyes shut again, and he fought to keep them open. Behind his closed lids, he could see her again. They were both kids, but she cried as her parents scolded her as they stood beside the soaked carpet. 

“It was her idea.” He had said. “I didn’t even want to race.”

He came back for a moment. His throat felt sore, and he wondered if he had been screaming this whole time. Something jutted into his free hand, sending small pain signals to him. He wasn’t even sure why he could feel something so miniscule at this point. 

Gone again. The two of them were older now. Calian hugged her as she cried. 

“I wish you had been there. I can’t do this anymore.” 

He didn’t want to feel the tears again, the pain. The moment during the service where everyone had looked at him with the same face. 

“You should have known. You should have stopped it.”

Addie looked up from the hug. 

“Why didn’t you, Li Li? You let it happen. I needed you, and you weren’t there.” 

The words came from her mouth, but her voice felt different. 

A tone broke through the thick fog. 

The woman’s grip on his free arm had loosened. Calian jolted, pushing his weight against his wrist and letting the pain pull him back again. His wrist cried out, but he ignored it and craned his head to see it pushed against one of the stove’s knobs. He could already feel his eyes closing. Calian reached out to the knob and twisted it until he heard a click. The woman hadn’t noticed, the sound of slurping distracting her from anything else. 

With as much strength as he could muster, Calian pushed his arm forward. The woman was caught off guard. She had barely begun to turn when he beat the knob into the face. It stuck into the side of her cheek, and she jumped back screaming a guttural tone. Calian didn’t hesitate. With the light still shining, he raised the flashlight and hit her again. It was his turn to scream now, and he did. He was surprised at the anger he felt rising up inside himself. 

“It wasn’t me! It wasn’t my choice! It wasn’t, Addie, it wasn’t!” 

His throat burned, and he screamed at the pain he was feeling. No words accompanied him this time, only a sound comparable to the woman’s. 

The woman no longer resembled Addie. She stood up, now. The robe clung to her body, heavy, soaked in water from the ground. Her skin was pale, and her face looked gaunt. She ran to the sink with a whimper. The faucet’s water turned to a mist, surrounding her before she was gone altogether.

Calian could feel himself panting as he trudged to the sink and turned off the faucet. Whispers still twisted through the house, and without the surge of emotions, Calian was starting to feel a dull pain thum along his neck. He put a hand up to it, feeling the slick, red liquid and two small divots in his skin. Under the flashlight, he examined his hand. There wasn’t very much blood, perhaps because of the holes’ size. Calian pressed a part of his shirt against it regardless. 

Placing the flashlight under his arm, he fished his phone out and balanced it precariously on his hand so as not to upset his wrist. A message from his mom flicked over the screen: At least let us know you’re okay. He began to set it to vibrate again, but stopped. With a sigh, he pocketed the phone. 

Calian waited until he was sure the bleeding had stopped completely. He wasn’t sure how much blood the woman had taken, but he didn’t feel off. 

He moved away from the kitchen. As he stepped onto the soaked carpet, one of the whispers floated past his ear. The flashlight passed over the open area passing over the table until he heard laughter. Calian panned the light back, stopping over the fruit bowl. The apples in the bowl had morphed. The shadows of faces he had believed he had seen before lay in full view. They were twisted up into large smiles, the fruit laughing harder once he caught sight of them. Their mouths didn’t move, but he could hear stray thoughts float his way.

“I know where she is~” The voice was like a song, but Calian couldn’t decipher if the song was happy or sad.

He kept his distance from the bowl. There wasn’t very much he thought it could do, but after the last two he had seen, Calian didn’t want to risk it. 

“You don’t want to find her?” Their laughter surrounded him, and the voices sounded just as the ones he had heard a moment ago.

Calian relaxed his hold on the flashlight, but he didn’t dare to take his eyes off of the fruit. His hand was becoming sore from holding the tool, and there wasn’t a way for him to switch it to his wrist. He could still feel the pain thrum underneath the skin. 

“Where is she then?” The question came out ragged even to his own ears. 

“Shouldn’t you know? Were you actually her friend?” The snickering continued-swirled around him like a group of small nats. 

Calian shook his head, as if whipping the noise away. None of the fruit had moved since he had begun speaking to them, and he suspected they weren’t able to. He stepped back from the dining table. The laughter continued to weave around the lower level of the house, but Calian turned to face the office door behind him. This was it. If she wasn’t here, he wasn’t sure she would be anywhere. The whispers became frantic, and he heard the thumps from the upstairs intensify. 

The door swung open with ease. When he opened the ornate door, he was met by silence. It had to have been hours since the house had been dipped in blissful nothingness.

The room was just as barren as the rest. A window opposite to him was covered in a white sheet. Everything else had been removed. He couldn’t decide if they had taken the items or thrown them out. All that was left was a desk-he placed it as the same desk her dad used to work at-and a mirror. Calian stood in front of it. The short curls had been flattened on his head, but the harsh shine from the flashlight seemed to reflect off of the brown of his skin. Blood trailed from his neck down the side of his shirt. The mirror itself was ordinary in every sense. His eyes caught the glint from the glass. In the dark, they appeared like the glossy eyes of a shark. 

Calian turned away from the mirror. His body sagged as he began to speak. 

“Addie, please. I’ve been through a bit tonight, I just want to talk to you. Give me something, anything… ” 

The static quiet greeted him, and Calian waited within it. Finally, he hung his head and lightly hit the flashlight against the desk.

“Why did you have to go? I know it’s not fair of me to ask that, but it hu- it’s all that I can ever think of now. It wasn’t very fair to leave me alone either, so I guess we’re both at fault there. I only said it because I can’t even look at pictures of you anymore. I miss you so much, Addie.” Calian’s voice was thick in his throat and he heard it begin to shake. “Everyone says that it will get easier with time, but the longer you’re gone, the more I think about the things you would have loved to do.” 

When he stopped speaking, silence crashed down on him like a wave once more. There was no response. He slammed his hand on the desk. 

“Fuck Addie! And, now you won’t even answer me. You won’t even give me a sign that you’re there. I loved you so much, and you just left. I just feel...bad all the time now. My parents try, but they didn't see it. No one saw it! So why does everyone keep looking at me like I did it? They don’t know! Even your parents- they just packed up every memory, threw them out, and they left. It’s like no one even wants to remember you.” He waited for another moment. “I didn’t think you’d answer that.” 

Calian choked back his emotions and turned to leave the room. The mirror caught his attention from the corner of his eye as his reflection didn’t move with him. He found himself wishing that it had stayed still. Instead, a smile appeared on the reflection’s face as its faze met Calian’s; a smile that seemed to go on forever. His eyes were locked onto the glass. Pain shot through his legs as they strained to run, to move, anything that would take him from the mirror. But, he couldn’t. Even as the reflection took a step out of the mirror. He couldn’t. Another step. He couldn’t. As his reflection moved towards him, he couldn’t help but find it off. It moved as if it was just trying out walking for the first time. 

He couldn’t take it. He bolted from the room. A laugh sounded from behind him. It resembled broken nails caught in the garbage disposal. The hall seemed to eat the sound of Calian’s steps leaving the house in an unnatural stillness. The boy’s tune didn’t return.

The reflection gained on him quickly. He thought about turning for the window, but knew that he wouldn’t be able to make it. Even now, Calian still found himself seeking the solace of her room. Thoughts meshed together inside his head as he tried to think of what to do. His body was on autopilot, and he took the stairs. The reflection took the stairs with ease blocking him into the edge of the hallway. Calian twisted around and threw himself into the bathroom behind him. The creature pushed his fingers in before he slammed the door. A disfigured groan left it’s throat mangling itself into more laughter. 

“I know. You want her.” The words seemed full of effort as it spoke. It pushed against the door, reaching its fingers towards Calian. It’s voice was warped and his sentences short, as if he had just learned to speak. “Easier ways. Want to find her? Lay down. Sleep.” It let out a genuine laugh, as if it thought itself funny. Pounding followed the laughter, and then an eerie screech like nails on a chalkboard. Calian could hear the wood crack under the creature’s force. “She’s here. But, why doesn’t she come? She can, it’s easy. Maybe she doesn’t want you.”

 "Shut up!" 

The words were like knives against his throat. Calian’s eyes stung, as they tried to focus on the shapes in the dark. The fingers reached for him, each more desperate than the next. He couldn't stay like this until morning. His body was bound to give out. Even now he felt the strain the past nights had put on him. He wouldn't last half as long as he theorized. Another barrage came from the other side of the door. There wasn’t enough time to think.

“Will be okay soon.” The reflection almost sounded sad, but Calian guessed it had lost touch with what that meant long ago. 

There was nothing else to do. His only option was also the most foolish. The adrenaline coursing through him would have to last long enough. It had to. Calian waited for another assault to the door before he forced it open. The creature fell back, quickly recovering as Calian pushed forward to the railing. He heard it twist before launching for him. The long fingers wrapping around him like a snake. Pain shot through his hand where it gripped the flashlight. 

Without another thought, he began to beat the creature’s fingers with the light. Each hit noticeably drained the adrenaline that was left. Still, it tried to wrap around him. 

The last of his strength left his body as he bucked his torso over the railing, feeling wood push into his side and fill his nail as he gripped at it. The reflection had flown over. Though it tried to pull Calian to the bottom with it, it only managed to tear the back of his shirt. The sound was nothing compared to the nails that pierced his skin. The marks left on his skin nothing like the nails that he had just seen in the doorway. The light fell to the ground with the reflection. 

He hobbled forward, vulnerability slapping him in the face as the darkness greeted him. Below he heard the sound of wood crunching and scraping as the creature already began to recover. A hoarse cry left Calian’s throat. His hands felt along the wall in search of a door. Where were the doors? 

A dip. The door by the stairs-the boy’s room. His mind abandoned her room again, and his hands searched the wood becoming more desperate as he heard footsteps pound over the stairs. 

There!

He propelled forward, slamming the door shut and clicking the small lock. Calian was sure the reflection was throwing his entire weight into the door. He couldn’t just stand in the room waiting for it to reach him. 

“Come back. I want to hold you. We can lay together.” Soft taps replaced the violent bangs from before. If not for its distorted voice, Calian might have opened the door to it. He pressed himself to the wall, sliding to the corner of the room. His throat tightened as his mind fought against his body, trying to speak. After silence, the reflection let out a wail, throwing itself into the door again. 

The wall stuttered as Calian came across the closet. He pushed himself inside, shutting that door as well. His body sank against the wood. Addie never came. Not even to speak to him. Maybe the reflection outside the room was right. She didn’t want him. He had tried his best. But, all of his love didn’t do a thing. 

A tone interrupted his thoughts. Calian jumped as he heard the muted sound of his phone against the closet floor. He fished it out of his back pocket, a crack webbing out from the middle of the screen. He stared at the screen for a long moment, but he pressed the green button. 

“Calian?! Oh my god, baby where are you? We've been worried sick. Please tell me you’re coming home. Calian?” 

His eyes stung. Water trailed down the sides of his face in a stream as an ugly sob left his body. His body trembled hitting the wood in the small closet. Whatever came next, Calian couldn’t help but feel like he would carry tonight's scars with him. For now, the creature was static, just a background to her warm voice. 

"Hi, mom."

Rosebud Chapter 1

Novel Excerpt

No one came to the garden at this time of year. The weather teetered at the edge of the summer months and the chill in the air was sharp enough to pierce through even the thickest shawl. An empty garden sounded like a sad number. Such a pretty thing with no one to look at it. 

Many of the plants had begun to shrivel as the air pierced through them. Daya reached towards a lone flower that rested among the rest; it stood in full bloom not quite realizing that it’s season was coming to an end. She reached for the petals, a thorn catching the side of her finger. A pinprick of blood swelled at the point, but remained still. 

“My lady?” A small, but familiar voice broke through the garden. The blood dripped down the side of Daya’s finger, and she quickly stuck the wound in her mouth, flinching as the bitter, metallic liquid hit her tongue. She turned to look at the young girl with her eyebrows raised. Alis’ hair was pulled into a braid that wound behind her head. She often reminded Daya of a small rabbit. The girl let out a sigh. “Why do you always come out here, it’s freezing.” 

Alis held her arms to herself; she had most likely forgotten to grab a cover when she was told to call Daya. 

“It’s calm out here.” 

The girl’s face twisted up, as her eyes scanned the garden. The chatter of birds hung in the air as they busily prepared for the cold.

“It’s a bit more calm inside, miss. I don’t mean to speak out of turn, but shouldn’t you try to identify with the other ladies?” 

Daya lowered her hand, looking at Alis with amusement. She attempted to level her voice, but Daya knew that her actions vexed Alis. 

“I wonder where you would have gotten that idea.” 

Alis’ eyes widened and the wind’s kiss of pink that had covered her cheeks turned to a deep red.

“The other girls mean well by it.” 

The maid looked as if she had been caught in a scandalous act. A laugh left Daya and she moved to cover Alis in her shawl. 

“They aren’t much quieter than their ladies, are they?” 

She was surprised at the bitterness that seeped into her words, but it seemed to slip past Alis.

“It’s all just talk. It just takes a little effort to change their views. The blood in a vein moves with a little pressure. My mom says that to me all the time.”  

Daya thought about it for a moment. A smile edging at the corner of her lips before she landed on a thought.

 “She seems very smart.” 

Daya could feel Alis pulling towards the garden’s entrance and found that she had begun to walk with her. As they rounded the corner of the castle’s path, drawing closer to the palace entrance, the wild growth that ran up the side of the castle receded until one might not have known it had ever been there to begin with. A man with sheers worked toward the garden, cutting down vines that seemed to cling onto the dull bricks.

“One day, I hope to be by the princess’ side like you and the other ladies.” 

Daya’s smile fell. She eyed the pruned bushes that lined the entrance walkway before responding.

“It’s an interesting position, that’s certain. I’m more intrigued to see what else the other handmaids might talk about. I might have to head to their quarters one day.”

She wouldn’t. Daya could imagine what else the noblewomen might have to say about her if she began to split her time mingling with the handmaids. Alis face lit up at the suggestion.

“They would like that a lot, I’m sure my lady. Many of them dream of becoming noblewomen themselves one day.” 

Daya let a smile tug on the corner of her mouth. Years ago she had held the same excitement when she would visit court with her mother and uncle. Her memory was rippled as they passed through the archway that led to the doors. The soldiers nodded to them as they entered the hallway. The stone walls of the castle took away the edge from the chill. Alis handed back the shawl, casting a glance to the guards before leaning in to speak in a hushed tone.

“The caretaker is in the front entrance room. If I were you, I would go quickly. I heard she was in quite a mood so I wouldn’t joke with her.”

Daya nodded her thanks to the girl, watching as she moved like a small hare down the adjoining hallway. Her hair bobbed behind her, attempting to break free from the braids it had been confined to. Daya thought about Alis years in the future as a noblewoman and shuddered at the thought. She wondered dimly if it made her a worse human for hoping that Alis never obtained that role.

Paintings and trophies caught from past hunts littered the space on the walls making it near impossible to identify the color of the wall behind them. Whoever had created the cluttered mess must have wanted to escape the stuffy walls of the castle. She knew for a fact that it couldn’t have been the caretaker. The woman was much too practical for decor.

Daya’s hands traced over the trinkets that adorned the walls as she made her way down the hall. She heard the guards relax from their position as they began to joke and laugh with one another once they thought she had gone. 

When she had made it to the door, she stopped. The door to the entrance hall was ornate. Wooden swirls framed it, dancing to an unheard tune. A breath in and out followed before she pushed the door open.

Inside the room, the walls were bare. The other noblewomen were lined up and she saw as they each watched her from the corner of their eyes. She fell into step beside them, straightening out her dress. 

Their caretaker couldn’t have been younger than thirty. She would never reveal her age to them, but the stress that resided over her face hinted that she may have been older. Of course none in the castle dared to ask. 

“Miss Caillot, you’re just in time.”

Which meant that she was late in the caretaker’s mind. The woman ran her eyes over the ladies. She was about to speak when another woman walked through the doorway. Mrs. Arnette clicked her tongue as Goswin walked to stand beside Daya. She fought to keep a smile from her face.

“Dearly sorry Mrs. Arnette. I was in the middle of some very important business when my handmaid called for me.”

Daya could hear feigned sorrow laced in Goswin’s voice. Mrs. Arnette’s face was composed, only moving as she nodded to the lady.

“That’s quite alright. Thank you for rushing here.” Her eyes lingered on Goswin before turning to the line. “As you all know, the cold season is quickly approaching us. The princess has called each of you to meet her outside the castle for one last horse ride. You will all accompany her and entertain her majesty while her father and brother are away.”

Small huffs of annoyance left the women.

“Remember please, that it is an honor for the princess to call upon noblewomen for such activities and that each of you are expected to act on that honor.” 

The older lady continued, but Daya found her attention drifting to the woman next to her.

“Goswin, I finished it last night.”

She spoke in a hushed tone, and saw Goswin glance over to her.

“It’s about time. I honestly thought you had given up.” 

“I would never. Now, I just have to figure out how to get the map from my bustier.” 

A chortle sounded beside Daya, and her hand went to swat at Goswin for the disruption. The faces in the room turned to look at her and the caretaker cleared her throat. 

“Thank you ladies, you are all free to go. Miss Caillot, might I have a word?” 

Daya nodded, watching as the ladies huddled together on their way out of the room. Goswin mouthed a sorry between a smile before following the noblewomen to the stables. 

“You started today with tardiness, and now you attempt to disrupt the rest of the lady’s attention. As your caretaker, I’ve become concerned. It doesn’t seem that you are adjusting to the palace. Have you attempted to bond with the other ladies?”

Daya focussed on the side of the caretaker’s eyes. She wondered if the woman had ever smiled in the past.

“There haven’t been very many chances.”

Mrs. Ardette nodded, her gaze holding Daya in place.

“I do believe I have a task perfect for helping you place more structure in your life, god willing. If the princess had not called for you, I would have you go now. Rather, I will have your handmaid notify you when I require you.” 

Daya nodded, knowing that the caretaker would keep her word. The older woman held her eyes a moment longer. There was something in her face that broke her previous composure. Though unable to place the expression, Daya felt as if the plain walls had moved in on the two of them. 

“I will await the call.” 

She nodded to the caretaker. Another moment passed. Mrs. Arnette’s eyes loosened their grip on Daya’s own. The older woman’s brows furrowed together for a moment before she spoke.

“You must remember that it is a great honor to be here in the palace, Miss Caillot. Many would do anything to stand where you are. I encourage you to take advantage of the blessings we have been granted here. You may go.” 

Daya’s curtsy was messy as she rushed to follow the other noblewomen. The caretaker had never acted so out of place before. She tried once more to place what she had seen in the woman’s eyes, but came up short once more. 

In the stable, a small boy stood in a brown overcoat that seemed to swallow his thin arms whole. The boy looked to be about Alis’ age, but he helped Daya onto a black and white horse before lifting himself up on his own.

“The other ladies went on ahead, miss. I’ll guide you to them if you don’t mind.” 

Daya forced a smile and nodded to the young boy, but her mind struggled to pull from the entrance hall. She could picture herself in the garden already, reading a light book and taking in the quiet. Somehow the thought only proved to worsen her mood.

The Persuasion Slope - Application

Application

The internet is essentially run through the broad category of persuasion. Everywhere someone looks, they can find ads, blogs, or news pieces trying to persuade them to click on them. The focus of this study is on YouTube in particular, to be more specific, the political space on YouTube. As with most social media platforms, YouTube has a specific algorithm that it enacts in it’s space in order to get people to stay on the website longer and to watch more things. There are two main processes that can be seen at work in this specific space: Intensification and Social Judgement Theory. Though, Intensification and Downplaying often happen simultaneously, for this paper Intensification will be focussed on. In this way, both the channels in this space and the YouTube algorithm work together in order to draw viewers to stay on the site longer and to persuade them to believe their arguments.

Intensification is a process in which information is presented in a way so that the viewer will pay more attention to it. There are three main strategies used in this process. The first is repetition. By repeating specific information, the persuader can reinforce that piece of information in the viewer’s mind. Association links the “product” with something that is already believed in the viewer’s mind. Finally, composition refers to a manipulation of the physical structure of the message. This could be seen in the thumbnails or pop art/lettering throughout the YouTube video. This strategy can draw the viewer’s attention to specific parts of the message. 

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The other concept is Social Judgement Theory and it attempts to predict what kinds of messages will persuade the viewer. Anchors are beliefs that were previously believed and, the theory states, what people compare other information to. The Latitude of Acceptance is closest to the anchor and likely to be accepted, the Latitude of Rejection is furthest and is the range where ideas won’t be accepted, and the Latitude of Noncommitment is the range where more consideration would have to occur as well as where there is neither a positive or negative commitment. If the persuader can understand the viewer’s ranges, they can more easily persuade them to believe or move their anchors. This can lead to a trickle effect where the anchors move until the viewer’s anchors have moved where the persuader wants them. 

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The political spaces on Youtube in particular are consistently trying to persuade the viewer to believe their standpoint. The importance of understanding how intensification and Social Judgement Theory work is, in part, due to the amount of reliable information the viewer is consuming. The main danger in this space of Youtube is that their opinions are either being largely challenged on one side while the other simultaneously reinforces and escalates their previous beliefs. The knowledge of how Youtube and some channels on it work can help viewers become more critical of the content they consume across many websites. 

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Before stepping into the online space, every user brings their own anchors with them. These anchors are the beginning point of the slope of escalation that the internet, but specifically Youtube creates. After a viewer watches a few videos speaking on political issues, the algorithm gets to work at figuring out where that viewers anchors are. After figuring this out, the recommended videos become flooded with videos that Youtube believes the user will engage with. The videos will range on topics; some videos may have similar channel owners, and others will begin to branch out. Many channels use intensification through composition - flashy thumbnails, association - pairing and collaborating with other channel owners, and repetition - repeating main ideas and agreeable wording throughout the videos. As they watch, they are recommended similar content with messages that seem the same yet continue to move the viewer’s anchors in the direction they want. Different channels, and even videos, slowly escalate the message. Many channels specifically leave out information in order to keep the message suitable to the audience they are trying to persuade. However, as the viewer continues down the slope, information that had been withheld or downplayed becomes more obvious or is layered with further agreeable wording. 

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Because of how the channel owners conduct their messaging, it doesn’t often leave room for viewers to engage in discourse with opinions that might not be held within the Latitude of Acceptance. The algorithm often keeps viewers on a specific side of the discourse leaving their Latitude of Noncommitment in a smaller range and their Latitude of Rejection much broader than it might have before. This also means that when the viewer comes into contact with beliefs that are now very far from their new anchors, it can lead to intense reactions. For some, it is only within themselves. However, many can be seen in online spaces like Youtube comment sections vehemently voicing their new beliefs. 

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It should be clear that everyone that comes into contact with these spaces of Youtube in particular will not always be subject to the slope that has been described. The main danger in this space is that many who watch these videos are not prepared for the level of persuasion that occurs in them. Though people are cautious, many of the foundations of language and communication come from the initial belief and trust that those engaging in the communication are being truthful in the messages they present. Many of these spaces aren’t using the platform as a space of education, but a place of persuasion. This means that whether on purpose or by honest mistake, the form of the message often takes on the frame of their own anchors. It is important for those watching videos in these portions of Youtube to be aware of their own anchors and realize that they may be susceptible to the persuasion in these videos. It is also important so that the viewer can be critical of the messages they are being shown and can do further research to solidify that they are receiving information that can be trusted.

Who am I? - Exploration of Self in The Buddha of Suburbia - Novel Analysis

Novel Analysis

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            Understanding the self is a major undertaking that, for many people, spans a lifetime. In western countries, the exploration and desire for understanding oneself has created a vast market for self-help books, life coaches, and spiritual gurus. The west spends much time focusing on the individual and searching for pieces of the self that set it apart from others. This contributes to the frustration and desire from the west for a comprehensive guide that can lead one to self-fulfillment and understanding. Hybridity complicates this craving. In The Buddha of Suburbia, the reader is introduced to Karim as he struggles to come to peace with who he is while living in the suburbs of England. The understanding of self is first understood in relation to those around the self. The conflict of Karim’s western identity in the suburbs of England with his identity as an Indian teenager experiencing racism in England are crucial blocks in the construction of himself.

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            The racism of England is spoken about regularly throughout the book. The way in which it’s talked about shifts as different characters speak on it. Karim is acutely aware of the views others hold for him and those he cares for, but he often speaks on racism in a casual manner as if thinking about the views others hold about him exhausts him. He is spiteful that people would hold these views, but also resentful of himself for holding an identity that holds him up for further scrutiny.

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             The culture the story takes place in is one of rising tension. High immigration rates marked rising anger from the people in nearby areas. Politicians like Enoch Powell inflamed this anger and justified the hatred and venom of many around England. “Powell raised the temperature of his speeches by making uncharacteristically frequent reference to extreme emotions. At Walsall he talked of 'hopelessness and helplessness', and of problems that were 'enough to make one weep' and 'drive one to despair” (Brooke). These calls to emotion heightened the already present resentment of immigrants to the country and created an unwelcoming environment that forced many to suppress their identity as an Indian. The story begins with Karim introducing himself as, “an Englishman born and bred, almost” (Kureishi, 1). He elects early on to use first his identity as an Englishman, something that makes sense since he is raised in a home that has tried to adopt the English lifestyle and meld into the culture as much as possible. Haroon teaches his son, through his own actions before the beginning of the novel, to play the part of a suburban Englishman - a lesson that Karim has taken to heart. 

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             When the novel begins, the reader is shown an example of Haroon after he had undertaken an identity shift. Nearly twenty years later, he has now started to embrace his Indian roots again. “He was hissing his s's and exaggerating his Indian accent. He'd spent years trying to be more of an Englishman, to be less visibly conspicuous, and now he was putting it back in spade loads” (Kureishi, ch. 2).  Karim wonders at the change in his father, though he himself had adorned traditional Indian dress in an almost mocking manner to stand out. Whether or not Haroon does it out of desire for his suppressed identity or in an attempt to siphon affirmation from those around him is under question. Haroon spends much of the novel searching for himself. This is a trait in tune with Karim as both mirror each other’s beats. At the same time, Haroon flaunts himself as a spiritual guru that provides guidance to those, other lost suburbians, desperate to understand themselves. As Messaoudi states, “Here it can be noticed that Haroon is wearing youngish clothes not suitable for his age. One may think that Haroon is changing his identity, but in the context of this research, Haroon is dysfunctional, in the sense that he tends to hide his real age” (Messaoudi).  Karim describes suburbia as a “leaving” place, but it seems that the beginning of the novel paints it as a place to lose oneself. Both father and son leave for the city in the hopes of finding themselves. They fail, early into the novel, to understand that the loss and lack of understanding of their identities isn’t the fault of the suburbs, but it’s the suppression of pieces of themselves they’d wish to change.

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             Karim, in comparison, has yet to be given a chance to accept his identities or reach an understanding about himself. On the surface, his father suppressed his Indian identity and projected the image of a, mostly, typical suburban Englishman. Yet, Haroon also rejected suburbia; the monotony lulled him into a routine that constructed a shell of a person. Haroon struggled to recuperate the parts of himself from underneath that shell. All the while, Karim had been watching and learning about himself through his father’s actions. He learned lessons such as: 1. The suburbs are a place where you become lost, and therefore are a leaving place and 2. He is  “an Englishman born and bred, almost” (Kureishi, 1). Karim watches his father’s struggle and internalizes the lessons. He can’t help him escape his own identities, but perhaps Karim can learn from his father’s mistakes.

David Hockney’s “Portrait of an Artist” or (Pool with Two Figures) is a widely popular painting. It displays a figure swimming or prone near the edge of a pool while another stands by the edge and watches. The painting is often interpreted similarly to the myth of Narcissus. However, another interpretation lives in the futility that is felt while staring at the piece. The two figures represent two sides of a coin, but in the case of The Buddha of Suburbia these figures are Haroon and Karim. Haroon swims at the end of the pool, but never gets out. He desperately looks for an escape, but isn’t able to find the reprieve he searches for. Karim stands by the edge of the poolside. He watches his father struggle to escape the pool, suburbia, but he doesn’t bend down to help lift him from the water. Perhaps, he’s unable to. He might be mostly apathetic as he watches on. Yet, as he watches, he attempts to learn how to stay out of the water. They exist as two sides of a coin and can’t be viewed without seeing the other. The two mirror one another’s struggle, so it’s no surprise when Karim follows his father when he leaves.

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             Karim almost exists in a stasis at the beginning of the book. He doesn’t express himself outwardly, save for his sexual encounters. Everything that is known about him to the reader comes from internal dialogue. He speaks bluntly about other characters, but wavers between uncaring and understanding for those around him. As many people do when they are younger, Karim often thinks of himself first and foremost in many situations. It isn’t until he is faced with the truth of another’s feelings that he begins to understand and rationalize the impact of these emotions. He does himself a disservice in his journey for self-understanding in the early portion of the story. Karim looks outward for understanding even early into his departure. “I wanted to tell him that the proletariat of the suburbs did have strong class feeling. It was virulent and hate-filled and directed entirely at the people beneath them” (Kureishi, ch. 10). He looks past his family and his surroundings. He looks at the city with its variety of personalities and bustling atmosphere. Karim views the city as something more that can offer to him what his life in the suburbs could never dream of. Though not totally untrue, this belief anchors Karim to the same position he has been stuck in. His understanding of himself is halted, and it’s only when he starts to look inward that he’s able to begin to really see.

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            Karim’s move to the city prompts a change in his character. The shift is slow, but it happens steadily as he is exposed to new experiences. His view up to this point revolves heavily around himself. Though he often makes observations about others, it isn’t until he has to face his own misconceptions about the city that Karim starts to take note of similar reactions from those around him. Nathaniel O’Reilly states in his article about embracing suburbia, “It is not until late in the novel that he realizes that the city does not have a monopoly on culture and excitement and that they have always been present in suburbia” (O’Reilly). Not only does he realize that suburbia held a culture of its own, but it’s a culture that exists within him and those around him that also moved into the city. Karim watched his father sink into regret and Eva struggle to expunge herself of her own suburban identity. While watching these character’s around him, he begins to see himself in a way he never had before. Karim states, “Now I was developing a sense of guilt, a sense not only of how I appeared to others, but of how I appeared to myself” (Kureishi, ch. 12). His sense of self is pictured as he takes on the role of Mowgli in a play. Karim becomes exceedingly aware of how those around him view him at this moment. More importantly, he sees himself in relation. All of his decisions and thoughts constitute parts of his identity. Taking part in the play after voicing his discontent is an intentional choice that places another block on ‘who’ Karim is becoming, and he sees all of this.

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              By the end of the novel Karim has yet to “find himself”. As it does for many people, his journey of self-understanding takes much more time to grasp. Zadie Smith writes that Karim was just like the kids she knew growing up. “They felt special even if the rest of the world thought they were marginal” (Smith). Karim often looks at his father for affirmation that he won’t grow up to live in suburbia living through monotonous days. He uses parts of his identity in an attempt to separate himself from others around him; Karim dresses in traditional Indian attire only to find those around him have done the same. His conflict with himself holds him back from understanding who he is, until he begins to look at himself through the relation of those around him. It isn’t until he can start to put the different pieces of his identity together, even through the racism and classism he experiences, that he starts to develop a sense of himself.

 

 

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Discrimination in Fashion

Critical Essay

In the early 2000s, the fashion industry was known as one of the most exclusive industries to break into. This was once, and to an extent still is, what has created such an appeal for those looking on from the outside. At this point, nearly everyone is aware of the unhealthy standards that this exclusivity propelled forward. Women being told to shave inches off their frames in a few weeks time, models that are underweight being told that they are obese, and unattractive. African American women have fought hard for their place in high fashion. For many years they were viewed as exotic pieces to place as decoration for models fitting the European aesthetic. Through the years, these women have carved out seats for themselves from the early years where they were forced to fight to break in, to the early icons paving a way for younger generations, and finally to where we are now, black women in fashion have changed parts of the industry and continue to work for more inclusivity in high fashion.

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In the past, black women did not have a straightforward way into the beauty industry. The beauty standard of the time favored the European aesthetic. For most of U.S. history, African American individuals were barred from large industries such as high fashion. Typically early examples of black models were used comparatively to their white counterparts. As Awad states in their article, “The U.S. puts a premium on “fair” white skin, blue eyes and straight, long, blond hair and considers these features the epitome of beauty. Features more akin to the African esthetic are deemed ugly, undesirable and less feminine” (Awad, 2014). Awad goes on to explain that lighter individuals are perceived more favorably which can and has caused many self-image issues as it pertains to skin tone. Shortly before the eighties it was nearly impossible to break through, but during the period from the ninety’s to the early two thousands fashion icons such as Naomi Campbell began to chip away at the barrier and earn a spot in high fashion. In a senior thesis, Dillard would state that, “When Black women are presented in fashion, it is to make distinctions…Black models are also highlighted to show the impacts of their race within their modeling careers” (Dillard, 2021). Campbell would be one of the first examples that broke this mold. In a 2014 interview on Channel 4, she would go on to say that the act of not choosing black models - not allowing them to work - was a racist act that continued for some time. 

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As time moved forward, there would be more fashion icons that would begin to break through the ‘traditional’ barrier. Names such as Beyonce and Tyra Banks would become extremely well-known. Though of the two, Banks’ direction would lead her to modeling for name brands. This success would occur even against the uphill battle that still existed. “The notion that Black women are less attractive is a message that is transmitted daily and from multiple external forces or social institutions (e.g., church, government, business industries, media, and family/peer groups)” (Award, 2014). This is reinforced with shows like ‘America’s Next Top Model’. In the show, there are various examples of strange behavior towards darker women. Some of these can be seen through forcing a woman to kiss a man that had said blatantly racist things to her, and a constant trend of pigeonholing the women into stereotypes. 

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There is a stark contrast when thinking about how important it is for people to be able to aspire to what someone else has achieved and what was experienced when meeting their role model. For black women, there has always been a lack of representation in the fashion industry. In a study about high fashion, there was found, “very few women of color, a majority of thin bodies, and more light-skinned Black individuals than dark-skinned Black individuals” (Kelly, 2009). For dark-skinned black women, appearing on this show would have meant the chance of a lifetime to break into the fashion industry. While appearing on the show, many expected to finally feel a shared experience with Banks. However, at many turns dark-skinned Black women would experience many layers of colorism and would go on to continue their own path.

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During the interview with Channel 4, Campbell argues that she has often spoken to designers urging them to include more women of color. This was met with responses stating that the designers wanted to, but nothing changed (Channel, 2013). Because of the exclusivity of fashion in the past, Jansen argues in their journal that,  “fashion occurred in a capitalist production system of innovation, distribution, and consumption wherein the social structure enabled, even fostered, emulation of adjacent status groups” (Jansen, 2020). The traditional route into the fashion industry supported this structure, and created a power dynamic that forced black women to carve out places for themselves. The rise of social media created the ability for individuals to take their path into their own hands more than ever before. Awad states that “If the body image literature is to adequately assess this construct with African American women, our definitions of body image must be expanded to include hair and skin tone” (Awad, 2014), and that is precisely the force that began moving with social media. Individuals were given the power to bypass high fashion and express themselves as they wanted to. There was a freedom from the exoticism and consumerism of the past, and more black individuals began to express themselves as they couldn’t before. 

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Of course, progress doesn’t mean that the echoes of the past have been forgotten. Even now, examples of exoticism can be viewed throughout the fashion industry, especially that of high fashion. Photoshoots for large bulldozers in the industry have still been found creating pieces that use black women to create distinctions and fill a certain aesthetic. One of the most recent examples coming from a British Vogue cover. Though the cover featured many black women, none of the women wore their natural hair, and lighting and costuming was used to create an image of sameness across the photograph. Many of the women in the photo also had their skin darkened using the same lighting and post-editing. This resulted in a cacophony of dull colors in the background with some pops being used to accentuate the darkness of the model’s skin. This is one example, but it shows that there is still work to be done in the fashion industry to display representation that shows real effort behind it. 

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The road to the current state of the fashion industry has been hard fought with many bumps. However, the women that we know as icons today were able to carve out spaces in high fashion and leave marks that would allow future generations to follow their steps. The industry was once known as one of the most exclusive, yet with the rise of social media has begun to be one that anyone can break into. In high fashion, black women continue to be underrepresented, but there are many pushes forwards as those with power use their words to help others. Carly Cushnie, a designer of her own label states that, “as a Black designer, it’s very easy to be pigeonholed based on what the industry assumes you will do. It took a lot of work for me to break those preconceptions, especially when there are very few examples to aspire to” (Harris, 2019). It won’t always be an easy battle. As we can see with recent examples, there will be a constant possibility of the past recreating itself. However, as more and more black women break into the fashion industry, there will only be new individuals ready to be inspired and follow that path. The power of social media has helped to shift beauty standards for black women. As time continues, large brands will continue to see the value in those women promoting on their own. As long as there are people willing to use their voices to help, there will be people willing to follow the paths that have been carved out for them.



















 

References:

Discrimination in Fashion - APA

 

Awad, G. H., Norwood, C., Taylor, D. S., Martinez, M., McClain, S., Jones, B., Holman, A., & 

Chapman-Hilliard, C. (2014, November 12). Beauty and body image concerns among African American College Women. The Journal of black psychology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4713035/ 

 

Channel 4 News. (2013, September 16). Naomi Campbell on Racism in Fashion. Youtube. other. 

 

Dillard , R. N. (2021). Exposing Racism in Fashion: How Black Women Navigate Societal Beauty 

Standards . Scholarly and Creative Work from Depauw University. Retrieved from https://scholarship.depauw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1179&context=studentresearch 

 

Jansen, M. A. (2020). Fashion and the Phantasmagoria of Modernity: An Introduction to 

decolonial fashion discourse. Fashion Theory, 24(6), 815–836. https://doi.org/10.1080/1362704x.2020.1802098 

 

Kelly, C. (2009). Black Women Have Disappeared as High Fashion Models. Diversity Factor, 

17(1), 3–3. 

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Who am I? - The Exploration of Self in The Buddha of Suburbia - MLA

 

Brooke, Peter. "INDIA, POST-IMPERIALISM AND THE ORIGINS OF ENOCH

POWELL'S 'RIVERS OF BLOOD' SPEECH." The Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 3, 2007, pp. 669. ProQuest, https://cmich.idm.oclc.org/login?url=htt ps://www.proquest.co m/scholarly-journals/india-post-imperialism-origins-enoch-powells/do cview/194956547 /se -2, doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X07006309.

 

Hockney, David. Portrait of an Artist. 1916, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

 

Kureishi, Hanif. The Buddha of Suburbia. Penguin Publishing Group, 1990.

 

Messaoudi, Walid, and Samira Al-Khawaldeh. "The Dysfunctional Father in Hanif Kureishi's

Novel the Buddha of Suburbia." Theory and Practice in Language Studies, vol. 12, no. 7, 2022, pp. 1313-1319. ProQuest, https://cmich.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proqu estcom/scholarly-journals/dysfunctional-father-hanif-kureishis-novel-buddha/docview/2685103273/se-2, doi:https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1207.10.

 

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Kureishi’s The Buddha of Suburbia”. Literary London: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Representation of London, vol.  7, no. 2, Sept. 2009. http://www.Literarylondon.org/lond on-journal/september2009/oreilly.html.

 

Smith, Zadie. “Zadie Smith on the Buddha of Suburbia”. Daber Modern Classics, 2015.

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Griffin, E. (2011). A first look at communication theory (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McrGraw-Hill. 

 

Wahl, Shawn T, Eric Morris. (2017, September 25). Persuasion in your life (2nd ed.). Routledge.

References
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